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beyond anything www.kiswire.com High Carbon Wire Rod To reach higher as-drawn wire strengths for applications such as prestressed concrete tendons, higher starting rod strengths are required in the as-rolled condition. High strengths in pearlitic steels are obtained by maximizing the carbon level, and by producing as fine of a pearlite spacing as possi- ble. The upper limit to the carbon level that can be used is dependent on the process capability of a given steel mill. The formation of a continuous grain boundary carbide film, usually in the segregated center of a billet or bloom cast steel, will determine the maximum carbon level that can be used. Typical maximum carbon levels for these applications are 0.82 to 0.85%. Since lead patenting is no longer a competitive alternative because of costs, additional strength is achieved by adding hardenability elements such as Mn and Cr to match hardenability to the controlled cooling capabilities of the rod rolling process. The objective is to produce a fine pearlite similar to a lead patented structure. With the limitations of the rod cooling process compared to lead patented rods, strengths will still fall short of lead patented rods. Additional strengthening is achieved by precipitation hardening of the soft constituent of pearlite, the ferrite. Vanadium is widely used as a pearlite strengthener in eutectoid CMn steels for wire rod applications. Strength increases of 10 to 16 MPa per 0.01% V added are reported. The high solubility of the vanadium allows additions over 0.10% V to be added with predictable strengthening results. Because of this predictability, vanadium is the element of choice to be used as the strength control element when refining steel to specific strength levels. Direct drawn wire applications that require maxi- mum strength, such as prestressed concrete tendons, tire bead wire, and wire rope are common applications of vanadium micro alloyed pearlitic steels with eutectoid carbon levels. Kiswire is the largest wire rope producer in the world. Annually, about 140.000 tons of wire rope is delivered, worldwide. For decades, Kiswire is specializing in the development and production of wire rope. Meanwhile, the company has acquired a reputable and leading position in a great variety of markets, in literally all corners of the world. The offshore industry is one is a main market for Kiswire since 25 years, meanwhile. STRAIN AGING Technical Data Sheet 9