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beyond anything www.kiswire.com Late sixties and further on during the seventies, the first high powered, ocean going tug boats were designed and built. The famous Dutch SMIT family took a lead in the global ocean towing market by expanding its fleet with the tug boat series - Smit Rotterdam, Smit London, Smit Singapore, and more. Nowadays, the availability of very powerful, modern towing vessels is large. Regular towing rope constructions The early generations ocean going tow vessels were equipped with towing ropes like 1.000 meter to 1.500 meter length, in diameter range of 50 to 70 mm, construction 6x36WS+IWRC, galvanized. Today, the latest version tug vessels work with 1.500 to 2.500 meter ropes in diameters of 76 to 90 mm. Galvanized, 6x36WS or 6x41WS or 6x49WS+IWRC. Not seldom, the contemporary towing lines are coming in a compacted version. To protect from early corrosion of the ropes, and consequently, early deterioration of the steel, many NEPTUNE towing lines are ALUMAR coated – a zinc/aluminium based coating. The next description of tug boat and towing rope criteria is a classical one. Safety factor – MBL Towing wires. This example towing system is based on the weak link principle, which means we use a shorter piece of wire rope (25 to 50 meters.),named pennant wire, with a lower breaking strength in our towing line configura- tion to avoid breakage of the main towing rope Our main towing line is 1.400 meters long. Based on this principle, the MBL of the main towing line is 10% higher than the MBL of the pennant wire (weak link). This 10% is a regular criteria. MBL – Bollard Pull When tugs are involved in towages, normally the warranty surveyors have to approve the tug/towing connection and the tow. So, based on this, tugs and towing gear have to be approved by warranty surveyors before tugs can commence a towage. Different warranty survey bureau’s have different rules. For instance, the rules/criteria of DNV and Noble Denton are good and often applied. DNV advises a factor of 2.2, which means, that the MBL of the towing line has to 2.2 x Bollard Pull of the tug. Noble Denton has various factors, which are depending on the size of the tug. Towing Lines Kiswire is the largest wire rope producer in the world. Annually, about 140.000 tons of wire rope is delivered, worldwide. For decades, Kiswire is specializing in the development and production of wire rope. Meanwhile, the company has acquired a reputable and leading position in a great variety of markets, in literally all corners of the world. The offshore industry is one is a main market for Kiswire since 25 years, meanwhile.